Calidad de suelo en agro-ecosistemas de Misiones: desarrollo y validación de índices de calidad. Su aplicación en la evaluación de los cambios en el uso de las tierras
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Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias
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El objetivo general de la presente Tesis, fue seleccionar indicadores y construir
índices que permitan cuantificar la calidad del suelo (CS) y monitorear su
dinámica, de manera de poder establecer cuáles sistemas de cultivo resultan
sustentables. El estudio se llevó a cabo en Oxisoles de la provincia de Misiones,
ubicada al NE de la República Argentina. Para la obtención de indicadores y el
desarrollo de índices, se emplearon sistemas naturales (selva subtropical, Sv) y
cultivados (yerba mate, Ilex paraguariensis Hill, Yc); mandarina, Citrus unshiu
Marc., Ci y tabaco Nicotiana tabacum L., Ta), aplicando un diseño en bloques
completos al azar en los Departamentos de Alem, Oberá, Cainguás y Guaraní. El
abordaje metodológico se realizó definiendo un nivel de referencia contra el
cual se compararon y cuantificaron los cambios de CS. Suelos con vegetación
clímax (selva subtropical) fueron tomados como escenario de referencia de alta
calidad. Para la validación de los índices desarrollados, se emplearon sistemas
naturales (selva) y cultivados (maíz, Zea mays L.; té, Camellia sinensis L.; forestal
con Pinus sp.) mediante un diseño completamente al azar, en el Departamento
de Oberá. En cada caso se tomaron muestras compuestas, al azar, a 3
profundidades: 0-0,10; 0,10-0,20 y 0,20-0,30 m. Las variables edáficas
determinadas fueron: densidad aparente (Da), densidad real (Dr), textura, pH,
carbono orgánico (CO), fósforo asimilable (P), nitrógeno total (N), nitrógeno
potencialmente mineralizable (Npm), actividad de la fosfatasa ácida (Enz),
materia orgánica particulada total (MOP), materia orgánica particulada gruesa
(MOPa) y fina (MOPb), capacidad de intercambio catiónico (T), cationes
intercambiables como calcio (Ca), magnesio (Mg) y potasio (K), hidrógeno (H) y
aluminio (Al), resistencia a la penetración (RP), estabilidad de agregados (EA),
humedad equivalente (HE), infiltración básica (Ib), y respiración de suelo (Res).
Por cálculo se obtuvieron: porosidad total (PT), porosidad capilar (Pc) y espacio
aéreo (Eae). Los datos fueron procesados mediante la aplicación de análisis
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univariado y multivariado, utilizando los programas estadísticos Infostat y RProject.
El conjunto mínimo de datos (CMD) para cada categoría de variables, en
los primeros 0,30m del perfil, quedó conformado por: i) CMD de orden físico:
Da, Eae, EA, HE, RP e Ib; ii) CMD de orden químico: pH, CO, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, H y
Al intercambiables; y iii) CMD de orden biológico: MOP, MOPa, MOPb, Npm, Enz
y Res. Se desarrollaron y calibraron seis índices de calidad de suelo, de los cuales
tres índices: “Agregación” (IF-30-1), “Fertilidad” (IQ-30-1), y “Actividad
biológica” (IB-30-1), resultaron válidos, sensibles a las perturbaciones
antrópicas, y efectivos para cuantificar la calidad de los suelos y evaluar los
efectos del cambio en el uso de las tierras. Los índices validados (IF-30-1; IQ-30-
1, IB-30-1), indicaron que todos los sistemas agrícolas bajo estudio produjeron
pérdida de calidad física (Sv>Yc>Ci>Ta), química (Sv>Ci=Ta>Yc) y biológica
(Sv>Ci>Ta=Yc). Los índices químicos y biológicos, determinados en base a
formulaciones encontradas en la bibliografía, señalaron al sistema bajo Yerba
mate como el más degradante, coincidiendo con el orden de calidad de suelo
señalado por los índices químico (“Fertilidad”) y biológico (“Actividad
biológica”), desarrollados en la presente Tesis.
The overall objective of this Thesis was to select indicators and develop indices to assess soil quality and monitor soil dynamics, and thus be able to determine which cropping systems turn out to be sustainable. The experiment was carried out in Oxisols of Misiones, a province located in the northeast of Argentina. In order to obtain indicators and develop indices, we used natural (subtropical forest, Sv) and cultivated systems (yerba mate, Ilex paraguariensis Hill, Yc; mandarin, Citrus unshiu Marc., Ci; and tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L., Ta). A randomized complete block design was established at the departments of Alem, Oberá, Cainguás and Guaraní. The methodological approach consisted in determining a reference level against which changes in soil quality were compared and quantified. Climax vegetation (subtropical forest) soils were taken as high quality reference soils. For validation of the indices developed, we used natural (rainforest) and cultivated systems (corn, Zea mays L.; tea, Camellia sinensis L.; forest with Pinus sp.) in a completely randomized design at the department of Oberá. In each case, composite samples were collected at random to three depths: 0-0.10; 0.10-0.20; and 0.20-0.30 m. The following edaphic variables were determined: bulk density (Da), real density (Dr), texture, pH, organic carbon (CO), assimilable phosphorus (P), total nitrogen (N), potentially mineralizable nitrogen (Npm), acid phosphatase activity (Enz), particulate organic matter (MOP), coarse particulate organic matter (MOPa) and fine (MOPb), cation-exchange capacity (T), exchangeable cations as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K), exchangeable hydrogen (H) and aluminum (Al), penetration resistance (RP), aggregate stability (EA), equivalent moisture (HE), basic infiltration (Ib) and soil respiration (Res); on the other hand, total porosity (PT), capillary porosity (Pc) and air space (Eae) were determined by calculation. The data were processed by applying the univariate and multivariate analysis with the Infostat and R-Project statistical software. For each category of variables and in the top 0.30 m of the profile, the minimum xi data set (CMD) included i) CMD of physical attributes: Da, Eae, EA, HE, RP and Ib; ii) CMD of chemical attributes: pH, CO, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, exchangeable H and Al; and iii) CMD of biological attributes: MOP, MOPa, MOPb, Npm, Enz and Res. Six soil quality indices were developed and calibrated; three of them ‘aggregation’, IF-30-1; ‘fertility’, IQ-30-1 and ‘biological activity’, IB-30-1 turned out to be valid, sensitive to anthropic disturbances and effective enough to quantify soil quality and to assess the effects of land-use changes. The validated indices (IF-30-1; IQ-30-1, IB-30-1), indicated that all the agricultural systems under study resulted in physical (Sv>Yc>Ci>Ta.), chemical (Sv>Ci=Ta>Yc) and biological (Sv>Ci>Ta=Yc) quality loss. Chemical and biological indices obtained from formulations found in the literature showed that the system under yerba mate turned out to have the highest negative impact on soil quality, in coincidence with the type of soil quality determined by the chemical and biological indices developed in this Thesis.
The overall objective of this Thesis was to select indicators and develop indices to assess soil quality and monitor soil dynamics, and thus be able to determine which cropping systems turn out to be sustainable. The experiment was carried out in Oxisols of Misiones, a province located in the northeast of Argentina. In order to obtain indicators and develop indices, we used natural (subtropical forest, Sv) and cultivated systems (yerba mate, Ilex paraguariensis Hill, Yc; mandarin, Citrus unshiu Marc., Ci; and tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L., Ta). A randomized complete block design was established at the departments of Alem, Oberá, Cainguás and Guaraní. The methodological approach consisted in determining a reference level against which changes in soil quality were compared and quantified. Climax vegetation (subtropical forest) soils were taken as high quality reference soils. For validation of the indices developed, we used natural (rainforest) and cultivated systems (corn, Zea mays L.; tea, Camellia sinensis L.; forest with Pinus sp.) in a completely randomized design at the department of Oberá. In each case, composite samples were collected at random to three depths: 0-0.10; 0.10-0.20; and 0.20-0.30 m. The following edaphic variables were determined: bulk density (Da), real density (Dr), texture, pH, organic carbon (CO), assimilable phosphorus (P), total nitrogen (N), potentially mineralizable nitrogen (Npm), acid phosphatase activity (Enz), particulate organic matter (MOP), coarse particulate organic matter (MOPa) and fine (MOPb), cation-exchange capacity (T), exchangeable cations as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K), exchangeable hydrogen (H) and aluminum (Al), penetration resistance (RP), aggregate stability (EA), equivalent moisture (HE), basic infiltration (Ib) and soil respiration (Res); on the other hand, total porosity (PT), capillary porosity (Pc) and air space (Eae) were determined by calculation. The data were processed by applying the univariate and multivariate analysis with the Infostat and R-Project statistical software. For each category of variables and in the top 0.30 m of the profile, the minimum xi data set (CMD) included i) CMD of physical attributes: Da, Eae, EA, HE, RP and Ib; ii) CMD of chemical attributes: pH, CO, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, exchangeable H and Al; and iii) CMD of biological attributes: MOP, MOPa, MOPb, Npm, Enz and Res. Six soil quality indices were developed and calibrated; three of them ‘aggregation’, IF-30-1; ‘fertility’, IQ-30-1 and ‘biological activity’, IB-30-1 turned out to be valid, sensitive to anthropic disturbances and effective enough to quantify soil quality and to assess the effects of land-use changes. The validated indices (IF-30-1; IQ-30-1, IB-30-1), indicated that all the agricultural systems under study resulted in physical (Sv>Yc>Ci>Ta.), chemical (Sv>Ci=Ta>Yc) and biological (Sv>Ci>Ta=Yc) quality loss. Chemical and biological indices obtained from formulations found in the literature showed that the system under yerba mate turned out to have the highest negative impact on soil quality, in coincidence with the type of soil quality determined by the chemical and biological indices developed in this Thesis.
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Toledo, Diana Marcela, 2014. Calidad de suelo en agro-ecosistemas de Misiones: desarrollo y validación de índices de calidad. Su aplicación en la evaluación de los cambios en el uso de las tierras. Tesis doctoral. Corrientes: Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias.
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